Conceptual Framework And Literature Review - 8059 Words

CHAPTER TWO CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Literature Review The aim of this literature review is to examine the complexities of the theoretical discussion on the concepts and empirical research works on urban development, peripheral development and metropolitan expansion in order to find a theoretical place within the broader concept of urban growth effect on infrastructural development of peripheral settlements. In an attempt to strike a balance between the growth of cities and the attendant effects on the infrastructural facilities of peripheral settlements, a reconciliation of various growth concepts of urban development need to be forged, the relationship of these concepts was brought to the fore with the literature review of the studies of urban physical growth showing that urbanisation and city growth have received much attention in the literature on urban studies (Ayogu 2003) but not many have had any of those study showing the economic, social, and environmental effects of infrastructural facilities development on the peripheral sett lements. The literature review consists basically a thorough desk based research of available materials linked to the subject in libraries and on the Internet. The more recent literature is examined basically from the 1990s for the development of the theoretical and conceptual discussions. Major scientific journals concerning urban expansion and growth, peripheral development, metropolitan development andShow MoreRelatedConceptual Framework And Literature Review Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesCHAPTER TWO CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK This section of the research examines some conceptual underpinnings that are relevant and which provide the foundation and background to the study. 2.1.1 THE CONCEPT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The concept of corporate social responsibility according to Steiner and Steiner (2000) in Nwaeke (2005) is the duty of a corporation to create wealth by using means that would avoid harm to protect or enhanceRead MoreHow to Write a Thesis Proposal1055 Words   |  5 PagesManabat LITERATURE REVIEW or REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ The researcher should give a brief summary of the related studies which have already been done, and he must show their relationship to the present proposed research problem. †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Present a critical review of the related research, not just a summary of the findings. Show the relation of the reviewed material to your problem, hypotheses, questions, assumptions, and/or procedures. Basic elements of a LITERATURE REVIEW: †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¯ Introduction:Read MoreEssay CritiqueofResearchStudiesPart11000 Words   |  4 Pagesdone and state the relation between the variables. Literature Review The authors have listed three literature reviews in the article. Two of them were from the nineties and one was from the year 1979. Even though the studies were relevant to the problem and explain a review of the problem and the need for study, they are not up to date. The summary of the literature review is not good enough to get a deeper knowledge about the literature. The authors should have done more elaborated explanationRead MoreStandardization in International Marketing Strategy Is Doomed to Failure: Literature Review and Methodological Critique1577 Words   |  7 PagesStandardization in International Marketing Strategy is doomed to failure: Literature review and methodological critique. The literature on standardization of international marketing strategy has rapidly increased in amount since Levitt (1983) suggested the main concept that business strategies and their influences on firm performance should be universal through national markets which are very much alike culturally, economically and politically, in spite of limited empirical evidence focusedRead MoreWhat And Where Is Theory919 Words   |  4 Pagesand Schumacher (2001) describing that â€Å"theory should provide a simple explanation of observed relations relevant to a phenomenon† (p.4). Anfara and Mertz (2006) believe that conceptual pieces are grouped, then related to one another and then ordered logically into a theory. It would seem that the logical assembly of conceptual pieces would function when thinking about relationships. Ravitch Riggan (2012) see theory as a cognitive or symbolic extension of the researcher. There would seem to be aRead MoreHow to Write a Literature Review?1099 Words   |  5 PagesA GOOD LITERATURE REVIEW? You should use the literature to explain your research - after all, you are not writing a literature review just to show what other researchers have done. You aim should be to: âž ¢ Show why your research needs to be carried out, âž ¢ How you came to choose certain methodologies or theories to work with, âž ¢ How your work adds to the research already carried out, etc. What is the purpose of a Literature Review? The purpose of a literature review is to conveyRead MoreDeveloping A Framework Is A Major Step For Research Process757 Words   |  4 Pages Developing a framework is a major step in research process. As Doctor of nursing practice(DNP), it is important to understand theories and framework related to theoretical ideas and application. The term Concept used in nursing to describe or name a phenomenon to give meaning. (Grove, S., Burns, N., Gray, J., 2013). Depression is an example of a concept which relates to low mood, loss of interest or pleasure, lack of motivation, decreased energy and low self-esteem. Concepts differ at the levelRead MoreA Critique on the Thesis1383 Words   |  6 PagesShirley, C.C.S. (2004).This thesis can be found on the database of Hong Kong University. This report mentions the slimming pheromone in Hong Kong, and wants to find out whether those behaviors will develop into illness. And the introduction, literature review, objective, methods will be critiqu ed in this report. Introduction The research problem statement highlighted three main components: ‘Eating attitudes, Slimming Behaviors and Perfectionism’. The paper will investigate in the attitudes and behaviorsRead MoreReflective Reflection1277 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelop my conceptual understanding of my topic, in terms of improving and shaping the literature review and modelling my conceptual framework (Phases of mentoring implementation and its focuses by Ambrosetti, Knight, Dekkers, 2014). So, from a knowledge prospective, with the help of my external supervisor Dr. Brownhill, I understood that it is necessary first to develop a clear concept map of the literature so that it will reflect the most pertinent parts of the conceptual framework used in myRead MorePublic And Private Sector Accounting1357 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation generated by current approach meet the different information needs of users from public and private sectors. After the Introduction, I will analysis these three issues by providing critiques and literature reviews on different opinions in following section and give a conclusion. Literature review and Evaluation The public sector is one of the most important sectors of any countries. The public sector entities offer services, goods or programs to public for non-profit purpose. However, the private

Violence Against Women s Violence - 2271 Words

Violence against women is considered as violence which is physically enforced for example physical assault, use of weapons and death. People tend to limit their thinking that a woman only has physical effects of violence against her, they don’t know how a woman is abused sexually, psychologically, a woman’s isolation from the society and the social psychological abuse she faces. The UN defines gender violence as â€Å"act of damage which can be physical, sexual and psychological with prior intention. Depriving liberty, threatening and coercion is also included† (Campbell, 2009). These vicious practices incorporate four perspectives: a) the control of developments of ladies or confining their entrance to data or help (avoid study or work, monetary control, and so on.), and in addition segregation from family or companions and other social connections; b) sex without assent or constrained; c) mental misuse, terrorizing, disdain and embarrassment out in the open or private, and d) physical demonstrations of hostility (eg. pushing, squeezing, slapping, hitting, beatings, kicking, etc.) (Campbell, 2009). Consequences of abuse in the health of women During the eighties and nineties, many researches have been conducted showing that the fact of being subjected to a violent relationship has grave long and short term consequences on the health of the woman. The battered woman has many physical and psychosomatic symptoms, symptoms of psychological distress (decreased self - esteem, anxietyShow MoreRelatedViolence Against Women s Violence872 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Violence against women unfortunately is a very prevalent and critical issue in our society. It is a worldwide but still hidden problem. Freedom from the threat of harassment, battering, and sexual assault is a concept that most of us have a hard time imagining because violence is such a deep part of our cultures and our lives. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI), it is estimated that 84,376 forcible rapes were reported to law enforcement in 2012, estimated at 52Read MoreViolence Against Women s Violence1187 Words   |  5 PagesViolence Against Women Women have always been thought of as the weaker sex. Women have been through a lot through the ages and we have come a long way. From just being seen as someone to cook and clean and look after the children, women are now running billion dollar companies, and running for president. However, violence towards women is still a worldwide problem. While not all violence is directed at women, they share the brunt of violence through physical, emotional and even financial means. Read MoreDomestic Violence Against Women s Nigeria3495 Words   |  14 PagesCHAPTER FOUR 4.1 SELECTED CASES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN NIGERIA Cases of domestic violence against women have been on the increase in Nigeria. Women are being abused on a daily basis whether by battering, acid bath, rape, widowhood practices, genital mutilation, among others. A 27-year-old woman, Folashade Shodiya, said she was forced to stab her husband to death because the latter habitually abused her at home.PUNCH Metro had reported on November 19, 2014, that the police arrestedRead MoreViolence Against Women Is A Women’S Health Issue Stemming1465 Words   |  6 PagesViolence against women is a women’s health issue stemming from the cultural acceptance of the power dynamic between men and women. Specifically, men are socialized to be more powerful, commanding and assert themselves in the public sphere. While females are socialized to be more docile, reserved, obedient and to consume as little space as possible – both physically and figuratively. This mindset is something that adversely affects the health of women, taking away her autonomy, and subverting herRead MoreViolence Against Women s Violence1553 Words   |  7 Pages Violence Against Women by Ines Alvarez Mrs. Madrell English 4, Honors, Period 6 Miami Coral Park Senior High School March 18,2016 Mrs. Madrell English 4, Honors, Period 6 Miami Coral Park Senior High School March 18,2016 Violence Against Women Women have been and continue to be victims of violence in all of its faces. The purpose of this research is to explore the many ways in which women are abused and mistreated, focusing on the effects that violence causes to the victimsRead MoreViolence Against Women s Rights1353 Words   |  6 Pages Violence against Women According to the United Nations Violence against Women is any act of gender-based violence that ,results in, or likely to result in,physical,sexual or mental harm or suffering to women, including treats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in private or public life. It is also an extreme violation against a women s right which has become an epidemic in our society. For several reasons, Violence against Women continues to soars drasticallyRead MoreWomen s Fight Against Domestic Violence992 Words   |  4 Pagesevery year, there are around 4000 women die due to domestic violence. In addition, other statistic shows that seventy-five percentage of the abusers killed their partners when victims tried to leave home or even after they left (1). According to community overcoming relationship abuse (CORA), every year, around 10 million of kids in United States live with parents in abuse relationships. Moreover, the department of justice shows that th irty percent of murdered women in the U.S. killed by her partnerRead MoreDomestic Violence Against Women : Statistical Analysis1595 Words   |  7 Pageslearner chose to use the following articles for this purposes which are Hackett s 2011 article, Domestic Violence Against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes Across India, and Hunter and Graham-Bermann s 2013 article, Intimate Partner Violence and Child Adjustment: Moderation by Father Contact?. Domestic Violence Against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes Across India The hypotheses for â€Å"Domestic Violence Against Women: Statistical Analysis of Crimes Across India† article was developed by reviewingRead MoreChild Abuse and Violence Against Families1204 Words   |  5 PagesAbuse and Violence Against Females Domestic violence in the United States has become a major problem that affects nearly 2/3 s of all people. It can affect wives, the elderly, and even men, but in this paper we will discuss the abuse that occurs to children and also violence toward women. It is widely assumed that most estimates of the incidence of domestic violence are underestimates. Even large population surveys cannot provide accurate estimates of the extent of domestic violence. This isRead MoreDomestic Violence : A Serious Problem1381 Words   |  6 PagesThere is no denying that domestic violence directed towards women is a serious problem all over the world, and here in the United States. The National Coalition Against Domestic Violence reports that every 9 seconds, a woman is physically assaulted or abused in America.(NCADV) To understand domestic violence, one must first understand what domestic violence can consist of, and that is; the use or threat to use physical, sexual, or verbal behavior to force the partner to do something one wants; to

Richard Nixon Essay Example For Students

Richard Nixon Essay Richard Nixon Reconciliation was the first goal set by President Richard M. Nixon. The Nation was painfully divided, with turbulence in the cities and war overseas. During his Presidency, Nixon succeeded in ending American fighting in Viet Nam and improving relations with the U.S.S.R. and China. But the Watergate scandal brought fresh divisions to the country and ultimately led to his resignation. His election in 1968 had climaxed a career unusual on two counts: his early success and his comeback after being defeated for President in 1960 and for Governor of California in 1962. Born in California in 1913, Nixon had a brilliant record at Whittier College and Duke University Law School before beginning the practice of law. In 1940, he married Patricia Ryan; they had two daughters, Patricia (Tricia) and Julie. During World War II, Nixon served as a Navy lieutenant commander in the Pacific. On leaving the service, he was elected to Congress from his California district. In 1950, he won a Senate seat. Two years later, General Eisenhower selected Nixon, age 39, to be his running mate. As Vice President, Nixon took on major duties in the Eisenhower Administration. Nominated for President by acclamation in 1960, he lost by a narrow margin to John F. Kennedy. In 1968, he again won his partys nomination, and went on to defeat Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey and third-party candidate George C. Wallace. His accomplishments while in office included revenue sharing, the end of the draft, new anticrime laws, and a broad environmental program. As he had promised, he appointed Justices of conservative philosophy to the Supreme Court. One of the most dramatic events of his first term occurred in 1969, when American astronauts made the first moon landing. Some of his most acclaimed achievements came in his quest for world stability. During visits in 1972 to Beijing and Moscow, he reduced tensions with China and the U. S.S.R. His summit meetings with Russian leader Leonid I. Brezhnev produced a treaty to limit strategic nuclear weapons. In January 1973, he announced an accord with North Viet Nam to end American involvement in Indochina. In 1974, his Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, negotiated disengagement agreements between Israel and its opponents, Egypt and Syria. In his 1972 bid for office, Nixon defeated Democratic candidate George McGovern by one of the widest margins on record. Within a few months, his administration was embattled over the so-called Watergate scandal, stemming from a break-in at the offices of the Democratic National Committee during the 1972 campaign. The break-in was traced to officials of the Committee to Re-elect the President. A number of administration officials resigned; some were later convicted of offenses connected with efforts to cover up the affair. Nixon denied any personal involvement, but the courts forced him to yield tape recordings which indicated that he had, in fact, tried to divert the investigation. As a result of unrelated scandals in Maryland, Vice President Spiro T. Agnew resigned in 1973. Nixon nominated, and Congress approved, House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford as Vice President. Faced with what seemed almost certain impeachment, Nixon announced on August 8, 1974, that he would resign the next day to begin that process of healing which is so desperately needed in America. In his last years, Nixon gained praise as an elder statesman. By the time of his death on April 22, 1994, he had written numerous books on his experiences in public life and on foreign policy.

Super Bowl Commercials Essays - Advertising, Marketing,

Super Bowl Commercials Super Bowl advertising: What really works? Introduction. 1. Introduction. Once a year almost the entire U.S. population sits down to watch the same program, the Super Bowl. But they are also watching scores of brand new commercials. The commercials they are watching are produced by the best and the brightest in the business using immense amounts of money. At a record average of $2.2 million dollars per 30-second spot, 25 percent more than 1999 commercial spots, each commercial is very special or at least should be.( ) Research shows that Super bowl commercials are recalled at more than double the rate of commercials run during "normal" prime time programming. ( ) And with 58 commercials scheduled, it's important to be special, creative, and original. It would be a colossal waste of money, after all, if viewers turned sponsors' shill time into opportunities for refrigerator runs and bathroom breaks. The Superbowl ads cost $165 million dollars to make and then display. ( ) ABC estimated 130,745,000 people watched the game, making it the fifth-biggest audience for any TV telecast. 1999's Super bowl game, broadcast by Fox, was watched by 127.5 million. ( ) Commercials aired during the Super Bowl can generate almost as much attention as the football itself. If the game fails to be comparative early on, there can be significant fall off in viewers. Advertisers whose commercials air in the fourth quarter of a lopsided game can take as much of beating as the losing team. The reverse also can be true, however. If the game is close, no one will be going anywhere and more people will view the commercials. Purpose for the study. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not it is financially feasible for Super Bowl advertisers to pay high cost commercials spots shown during the prime time. The Super Bowl telecast typically attracts the biggest TV audience of the year and it has become a showcase for advertising as well, allowing the network that carries it to charge seemingly endlessly escalating prices. To millions of people, half the fun of watching the Super Bowl is the commercials. But do people really pay attention to what is advertised or do they just watch the commercials to find out if they are funny? The study will focus on audience's retention, and advertising effectiveness. This study will be a valuable tool for companies that wish to advertise during future Super bowl events. Advertising companies can utilize this study to evaluate the effectiveness upon the audience. II. Methodology. People can forget advertising very rapidly. So we will wait a week or two before checking to see if commercials are still having a measurable effect on them. When we contact them we want to use something that gets through to virtually everybody, everywhere, on the first try. With today's busy lifestyles, voice mail and answering machines, the telephone will not be the method of choice. We will do this type of ad tracking by reaching all types of people everywhere, and we wanted the number who decline to participate to be as small as possible. We will accomplish all these objectives by mailing questionnaires to a nationwide sample drawn from all households for which an address is available from either an auto registration or a telephone listing, six days after the Super Bowl. First: How many noticed the commercials? Recognition provides the best measure of intrusiveness because it is the most accurate, complete and reliable measure of the number that noticed the commercial. It separates the people who noticed a commercial from those who ignored it, or were never exposed to it, so we can see if it had any effect on them. It shows if the communication process had a chance to start. We will also look at a key measure of the information communicated by the commercials. How many remembered who they were for? Some commercials for jeans and credit cards did an excellent job getting noticed but not in getting the name across. Second: How many were affected by the commercials they noticed? The previous measures only show if the commercial had a chance to affect people. To find out if it actually did, two types of measures will be used -- likability and diagnostics. However, if people like a commercial but can't remember who it was for, it can't have an effect on sales. So, we combine the two in our second basic measure of advertising's impact: the percent of recognizers that knew who it was for and

The educated imagination Essay Example For Students

The educated imagination Essay What is the relevance of literature in the world of today? (Frye 27) Frye asks many rhetorical questions, such as this, throughout his essays to formulate a mutual connection with the reader. This connection that is between the author and the reader is a connection of the imagination. The part of the imagination that is being used my both parties are quiet different however. The authors imagination input is, as Frye puts it, the power to create. The readers imagination, then, is the power to understand, together forming the essentials of literature. This common link is achieved primarily by archetypes, being the fulfillment of the readers desire to associate and make connections with. As humans, we seek this connection to literature and being able to connect and belong to something soon becomes the ultimate goal of literature all together. In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, a group of English schoolboys living in an uninhabited island seek a connection to the outside, objective world. They find a need to build shelters to remind them of the world they lived in that they had already familiarized themselves with. We will write a custom essay on The educated imagination specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In addition, they feel the need to continue their everyday routines such as raising their hand when answering a question. Ralph, when addressing to the other boys with solution as to what they were going to do on the island mentions, we cant have everybody talking at once. Well have to have Hands up like at school. (Golding 44) This need to connect to the objective world is evident wherein there is a desire to connect, that soon becomes the need to belong. Literature fulfills this need through the extent of the imagination. Frye begins by saying, the world of literature is a world where there is no reality except that of the human imagination. (Frye 57) This is similar to our objective world, where we make reality what we believe to be reality. In William Goldings Lord of the Flies, the group of English schoolboys fear an imaginary beast that roams the island terrorizing the island. In reality, however, the beast is just an extent of the boys imaginations that has been brought into existence as a result of their behaviour. Simon, at a group gathering says, maybe there is a beast. maybe its only us. (Golding 80) The beast ultimately becomes suggested to be just a figure of the imagination, formed by the boys imaginations from being apart from their familiarized objective world. This imagined world then, has no reality within literature except for what the imagination perceives it to be. Elena has already mentioned conventionalism as being an evident factor distinguishing reality and literature wherein literature has no consistent connection with ordinary life. Instead, this vivid connection is made with the imagination. When reading a piece of literature, connections are fallaciously believed to be made within reality, when actually it is made with our imagination. Frye earlier defined the imagination to be the world we want to have. Therefore, this signifies that literature reflects a world that we desire, which doesnt necessarily mirror reality. Frye later defines imagination as the power of constructing possible models of human experiences. Therefore, it is through experiences that we enhance our imagination to create literature. Experience is a broad word including the experiences of the literary world. Frye agrees that it is the literary experiences that have a greater value than experience gained within life when he says no matter how much experience we may gather in life, we can never get the dimension of experience that the imagination gives us. (Frye 61) Frye provides the example of Shakespeare, the writer of numerous plays depicting different shades of human emotion- from comedies to tragedies to exemplify this concept. .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 , .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 .postImageUrl , .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 , .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10:hover , .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10:visited , .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10:active { border:0!important; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10:active , .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10 .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc6138dc5673b05843f40a7897bca9f10:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Road Not Taken EssayShakespeare couldnt possibly have experienced, in reality, the guilt of killing a king as in Macbeth nor could he have experienced the passionate love resulting in an untimely death, as in Romeo and Juliet. Despite this lack of realistic experience, Shakespeare manages to create literature; the reason for this being that his literature wasnt based on realistic experience, but rather literary experience. Literature, then, is a concrete world of immediate experience, where experience is made into reality. The limit of literature is imagination, which exceeds the capabilities of our objective world. Frye says, The real realities, so to speak, are things that dont remind us directly of our own experience but are such things which are bigger and more intense than anything we can reach, except in our imagination which is what were reaching with. Ideally, Frye is supporting his earlier point of literary experience having a greater influence on successive literature, and imagination being the idealistic tool to attain this literary experience. Relating back to Fryes overall essay statement, literature is an extent of the imagination going beyond our objective world, creating a work for our imagination to extend into. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our International Baccalaureate Languages section.

Human Biology Experiment

Human Biology Experiment Free Online Research Papers Introduction The purpose of this Human Biology experiment was to explore the environmental growth throughout the campus of Mount Wachusett Community College. Bacteria were first observed by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He called them â€Å"animalcules† and published his observation in a series of letters to Royal Society. The name bacterium was introduced much later, by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1838. (Wikipedia.org) I took swabs from different areas with Mount Wachusett Community College. With these swabs I will find out what kinds of bacterial growth grew within the college environment, if any. Once the bacterial organisms have grown, I will test certain cleaners to find out which will eliminate the bacterial growth. Bacteria are single celled organisms that can only be seen with a microscope. They are so small that scientists measure them in micrometers. A micrometer is equal to one millionth of a meter. On average, a bacterium is equal to one micrometer long. This would mean that the head of a pin could hold hundreds of thousands of these microorganisms. Materials and Methods Throughout this microbiology experiment I used several materials and methods that will be listed below. Materials The following materials discussed above were used during this experiment. During lab 1 I used a pen and paper to record information during the experiment process. I used four sterile swabs to swab different environments throughout Mount Wachusett Community College. One agar plate was divided into four even sections and used to plant the bacteria from the swabs. One crayon was used for labeling the agar plate. During lab 2 I used many materials. They were the following; a ruler was used to measure the growth of the bacteria that had grown in the agar plate. Bacteriological loops were used to transfer the colonies from the agar plate to a clean slide. Once transferred a Bunsen burner was used to fix the smear to the slide. The next several materials used were for the gram staining process, crystal violet, tap water, gram’s iodine, ethyl alcohol, safranin and bibulous paper. A microscope was used to view the slides and oil was applied to the slide to view them at oil immersion (about 100x). The following cleaners were used on a small filter paper disk, Povidone iodine, Bactine, Dawn dish soap, and Mr. Clean multi- surface. During lab three there was no additional materials used. Methods I took 4 sterile swabs and swabbed the following 4 environments within Mount Wachusett Community College: Desk top in room 340, Stairway railing third floor, men’s bathroom door on third floor and the recycling trash bin on the third floor. Next, I planted the bacteria from the swabs into an agar plate. After several days the agar plates had bacterial growth. The bacterial growth was then transferred from the agar plate to a clean slide. The colonies that were transferred and smeared onto a clean slide, then fixed to slide by using a Bunsen burner. Now they are ready for the gram staining procedure. This procedure is: 1) Flood the smears with crystal violet for one minute. 2) Rinse slides thoroughly with tap water.3) Flood smears with gram’s iodine for one minute. 4) Rinse slide thoroughly with tap water. 5) Decolorize with ethyl alcohol. 6) Rinse immediately with tap water. 7) Flood smears with safranin for two minutes. 8) Rinse slides thoroughly with tap water. 9) Blot dry with bibulous paper. The next method used was the disk method. I divided an agar plate into four sections with a wax crayon. Then I â€Å"seeded† that plate with the largest bacteria colony that grew. Using sterile technique, I took a loopful of bacteria and spread it over the entire plate. Finally I placed filter paper disks each saturated with a different cleaner into each one of the four sections.(lab day 2) Results I am going to start with the results from sample 1. This sample was taken from the desk top in room 340. The macroscopic view showed several colonies growing. When the largest colony was measured with a ruler it read .04cm. This colony appeared to be white or orange in color and to have smooth raised circle structure. Once viewed microscopically I learned that this colony was gram negative cocci in clusters. They appeared as pink circles in clusters.(www.microbelibray.org ) Sample 2 was taken from the stairway railings on the third floor. Macroscopically I saw many colonies growing some were yellow in color their surfaces looked bumpy and raised. Others looked to be light red in color with a smooth raised circular look to them. The largest colony measured .06cm and the smallest measured .03cm. Once viewed microscopically I found that these colonies were gram positive cocci in cluster, they appeared to be blue circles in clusters. (www.asid.net) Next is sample 3 which was taken from the men’s bathroom door on the third floor. When view macroscopically there was only a few colonies growing they were either white or yellow in color. The largest colony measured .05cm and appeared to be smooth and rose in a circular shape. The smallest colony was less then .01cm and was slightly raised with a smooth texture and circular shape. When viewed microscopically I saw pink circles in clusters which told me that this was gram negative cocci in clusters. Finally is sample 4 which was taken from the recycling trash bin on the third floor. The macroscopic view showed several colonies growing they appeared to be yellowish-orange in color. All very close in size the largest measuring at .05cm and the smallest at .04 cm. the largest was slight raised with two circular shapes attached with a smooth surface and a white smooth margin. The smallest was elevated with a smooth texture and circular shape. When viewed under the microscopic I saw gram negative cocci. It was pink single circles. (www.med.cmu) The agar plate that was â€Å"seeded† with the bacteria and had paper disk saturated with cleaner proved that the four cleaners I choose were at least partially effective with eliminating bacterial growth. Discussion Bacteria are microscopic organisms whose single cells have neither a membrane-bounded nucleus nor other membrane-bounded organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. In my experiment I found both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. These bacteria’s can cause many illness and infectious diseases. Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by gram staining. This is in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, which cannot retain the crystal violet stain, instead taking up the counter stain (safranin or fuchsin) and appearing red or pink. Gram-positive organisms are able to retain the crystal violet stain because of the high amount of peptidoglycan in the cell wall. Gram- positive cell walls typically lack the outer membrane found in gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are those bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the gram staining protocol. In a gram stain test, a counter stain (commonly safranin) is added after the crystal violet, coloring all gram-negative bacteria with a red or pink. The test itself is useful in classifying two distinct types of bacteria based on the structural differences of their cell walls. On the other hand, gram-positive bacteria will retain the crystal violet dye when washed in a decolorizing solution. Some common illness or infectious diseases linked to gram positive bacteria are staph or strep which are the two most commonly linked illnesses. Some more serous diseases are Anthrax, Botulism, Diphtheria, Gas Gangrene, Rheumatic fever and Whipple’s diseases. Gram-positive can cause a wide variety of diseases in humans such as food poisoning, wound infection, Urinary tract infections, besides Pneumonia, Meningitis, Osteomyelitis, Endocarditis, Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), Diverticulitis, Septicemia, etc. (www.insidesurgery.com) Gram-negative bacteria can cause the following illnesses in humans Diarrhea, Gastroenteritis, Peritonitis, Septicemia, Pneumonia, Neonatal meningitis, Urinary tract infection, Typhoid fever, food poisoning, Ulcer, Upper and lower respiratory tract infection, burn and wound infection, Otitis media, Meningitis, Sexually transmitted disease like Gonorrhea and other infections of genital system, etc. As just discussed both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria can be extremely harmful. There are ways to prevent the infection of these bacteria’s. In today’s society there are several types of cleaning products that can be uses both on surfaces and on humans to prevent the spread of these bacteria. I tested four cleaners for their effectiveness on these bacteria. The cleaners that I used were povidone-iodine, Bactine, Dawn dish soap color yellow, and Mr. Clean multi-surface. Much of the information that I found regarding povidone-iodine shows that it is made for cleaning humans and sterilizing medical equipment, not for cleaning surfaces daily. Iodine is commonly used in topical disinfectant preparations for cleaning wounds, sterilizing skin before surgical/invasive procedures, or sterilizing catheter entry sites. Betadine solution, for example, contains povidone-iodine. Other topical disinfectants include alcohol and antibiotics and iodine is sometimes used in combination with these. Commercially prepared iodine products are recommended in order to assure appropriate concentrations. From my experiment this cleaner proved to be partially effective. Bactine is also made to apply to humans. It is mainly used for first aid to prevent bacteria and other things from entering a wound and causing an infection. The manufacture says that Bactine Original First Aid Liquid has provided soothing infection protection for over 50 years. It relieves the pain and itch of minor cuts, scrapes and burns on contact as it kills germs. Plus, unlike hydrogen peroxide, it does not sting. From my experiment it proved to partially work. During my experiment the Dawn dish soap color yellow was the most effective with cleaning and removing the bacteria that was planted in the agar plate. Ultra Dawn dishwashing liquid and Antibacterial Hand Soap helps fight germs on hands when used as a hand soap this statement is from the manufacture. Out of the four cleaners that I tested this is the most logical cleaner to use on surface to remove bacterial growth. The final cleaner that was tested was Mr. Clean multi-surface. This cleaner proved to be effective with eliminating bacterial growth. The manufactures are very proud of this product give out helpful cleaning tips on ways to uses this product. Mr. Clean Multi-surfaces Spray Cleaner will help you remove grease, kill germs* and finish your surfaces off with a streak-free shine. Its a great all-purpose spray cleaner for glass surfaces like mirrors and shower doors, as well as appliances like microwaves, stoves, refrigerators and more. In just a few sprays, youll be on to other things in a shining, clean and disinfected space. This table is going to show the results of the cleaning products that were used during this experiment. Name of cleaners: Povidone Iodine Bactine Dawn dish soap yellow Mr. Clean Multi-surface Bacteria sample location: Stairway Railing third floor Stairway Railing third floor Stairway Railing third floor Stairway Railing third floor Gram stain results: Negative Negative Negative Negative Effectiveness: Partially Partially Completely Completely Conclusion The purpose of this Human Biology experiment was to find environmental growth throughout the campus of Mount Wachusett Community College. From my experiments I was able to find either gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria growing within four different locations of the college. Once the bacteria grew in the agar plate then â€Å"seeded† into another agar plate I was able to test four cleaners for their effect on eliminating those bacteria. My hypothesis was proven to be correct because all four of the locations grew bacteria and all four of the cleaners were at least partially effective in removing the bacteria growing within the college. References Atsma, B and Hsu, S (2010). Laboratory manual for Human Biology concepts and current issues fifth edition. Published by: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CA. http://dawn-dish-.com Viewed April 3, 2010 http://en.wikipedia.org/ Viewed April 3, 2010. http://insidesurgery.com/2010/01/infetious-diseases-caused-grampositieorganism/ posted January 31, 2010. mrclean.com/en_CA/spray-cleaner.do Viewed April 3, 2010. http://Stanford.wellsphere.com/complementary-alternative-medicine-article/antibiotic-in-nutshell/ posted September 25, 2009. http://users,ron.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/biologypages/E/eubacteria.html Viewed April 3, 2010. Longenbaker, S(2008). Mader’s understands Human Anatomy Physiology sixth edition. Published by: McGraw-Hill, NY. Todar, K(2004). Nutrition and Growth of Bacteria http://textbookofbacteria/ogy.net/nutgro.html retrieved June 25, 2007 www.asid.netau//images/s/s/opc_staph.jpg Viewed April 3, 2010. www.bactine.com/orignal.html Viewed April 3, 2010. www.med.cmu.ac.th//ic-40/fig3/jpg Viewed April 3, 2010. www.microlibrary.org/microbelibrary.files/c Viewed April 3, 2010. www.naturalstandard.com Viewed April 3, 2010. www.personal.psu//biofilms/gramstain.html Viewed April 3, 2010. Research Papers on Human Biology ExperimentGenetic EngineeringMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductStandardized TestingBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenDefinition of Export QuotasRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanPETSTEL analysis of IndiaHip-Hop is ArtOpen Architechture a white paper

Annotated Bibliography-Terence-W8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Annotated Bibliography-Terence-W8 - Essay Example The elderly perceptions should change as it was the key to the resistance. Peek, S. T., Wouters, E. J., van Hoof, J., Luijkx, K. G., Boeije, H. R., & Vrijhoef, H. J. (2014). Factors influencing acceptance of the technology for aging in place: a systematic review. International journal of medical informatics, 83(4), 235-248. The article is the publication by the pub med. The study tries to examine factors that affect technology acceptance among the older persons in the society. In this regard, it establishes that factors of post implementation of the technology were detrimental to technology adoption. Information concerning the study was available, and the authors propose for further studies to investigate if the factors are interrelated. The literature was not provided, but methods of research were limited to mixed surveys of other studies done by different individuals. The methods of analysis were unique since no study had used them. It is necessary for the factors of implementation of technology to be favorable to the older persons since they acted as inhibitors to technology acceptance. Pub Med published the article. The study observes that social networking sites can improve the quality of life of the senior members as they enhance their communication ability. They can communicate easily with their family members and the young generation that increases their intergenerational communication. Not much information was available regarding the study, and the authors were silent on future research. The literature review was less in depth but offered a good insight for the reader to integrate the study. The methods of analysis were by systematic reviews of the various articles that were common to other studies. It is significant for the seniors to embrace the social networking as it helps bring them closer to the young generation. This is an extensive